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���ϲ����� offers autonomous truck solutions for selected applications through a step‑by‑step approach.

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Rather than selling fully autonomous solutions off the shelf, we work together with customers and partners to introduce autonomy gradually. This includes integrating autonomous functions into existing vehicle fleets, retrofitting vehicles where appropriate, and scaling operations over time as technology, safety validation and regulatory frameworks mature. These solutions are delivered as integrated customer setups, combining ���ϲ����� vehicles and systems with partner technologies.

Autonomous trucks have the potential to be safer than regular trucks. Some of the benefits of autonomous trucks include the elimination of human errors, such as fatigue, distraction and substance abuse, which are common causes of accidents.

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Autonomous trucks have advanced sensors and machine learning algorithms that enables the highest level of safety both in enclosed environments like mines, and on-road. We also have robust processes and verification systems to ensure that our software and hardware are up to date and��maintains the highest level of safety and reliability.

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Autonomous on-road trucks can detect potential hazards and respond quickly, more accurately than humans. However, like any new technology, there may be unforeseen problems that could cause accidents. Therefore, with safety as our main priority, we will continue use safety drivers until the system is able to handle all situations that it encounters before we go fully driverless.

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AI is becoming an increasingly important part of modern society in many different sectors, including the transport industry. However, the shift to autonomous transport will not happen overnight. Also, in several parts of the world, including Europe, there is a significant driver shortage, causing delays in shipments and rising transportation costs. This trend is expected to increase over the foreseeable future and therefore we will rather see autonomous trucks countering the growing shortage of drivers worldwide on a short-to mid-term basis.

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Yes, in principle as long as the road fulfils the preconditions and limitations stipulated by the responsible authority. But to actually start operations requires careful planning. Before we open up for autonomous trucks, the route must be surveyed in detail and additional testing on the specific road might be needed.

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Between 2018 and 2026 we developed and tested self-driving trucks together with Australian mining group Rio Tinto in their Channar mine, gaining valuable knowledge and experience in autonomous operations. This work laid the foundation for today’s partner‑based delivery models.

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In the��hub-to-hub��segment, in February 2021, ���ϲ����� was the first European OEM to operate an L4 vehicle on public roads in Sweden, and since May 2022, we are granted permission from the Swedish transport authority to expand our testing route for autonomous driving.

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In September 2022, ���ϲ����� and transport company HAVI launched the first European pilot of fully autonomous vehicles carrying commercial goods on public roads.��

For hub-to-hub transport, autonomous driving without a safety driver on public roads requires proving to traffic authorities that it is safe. The best way to do this is still undecided and will likely involve driving many kilometres to demonstrate the system's ability to handle all situations. There is yet no consensus or EU-wide legislation on the requirements.

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Depending on application, autonomy can also be introduced gradually, combining different levels of automation, operational support systems and remote monitoring.

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Efficient infrastructure is crucial for us and the industry as a whole and we want to keep the infrastructure requirements to an absolute minimum. Expensive upgrades often burden stakeholders with no direct benefit and can complicate safety measures.

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Our vehicles are designed to operate with minimal external infrastructure, supported by reliable positioning, connectivity and vehicle management systems.

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This depends a lot on the development of technical capabilities, but experts within our parent company TRATON have estimated that in 2026, 78 billion km’s of road transport will be suitable and addressable for autonomous driving.

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This kind of calculation is quite difficult to make. Autonomous transport is less about the truck and more about the system in which it is being used. The main benefit with autonomy is that you are no longer trying to optimise the utilisation based on the driver. These vehicles can operate 24/7 without breaks if the logistics planning allows for that, which opens up for an increase in productivity without creating a disproportionate extra cost.

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In addition, autonomous trucks can travel at a constant speed and optimize their routes, which reduces fuel consumption and emissions. With real-time traffic data, they can also navigate to avoid congestion and minimise the time spent idling in traffic.

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We are working with the authorities to understand how the liability will be handled.

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The liability is likely to be split a few ways, to the ground operator in preparing the vehicle for departure, to the control room who is monitoring the transport,��and to the parties responsible for the autonomous operation, depending on setup and regulatory framework.

Yes, the vehicles cost more, approximately 1,5-2 times the price of a traditional vehicle. And there are additional operational costs with software licenses and the extra manpower to manage and monitor the vehicles. But with the driver today being a significant cost and productivity restriction, there is still a compelling business case. The additional costs are either fixed or scale very well, so the best case for autonomous driving is when it is done at scale and with high vehicle utilisation.

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